Uso potencial de residuos agroindustriales como fuente de compuestos fenólicos con actividad biológica

Los compuestos fenólicos poseen propiedades bioactivas de interés en la Medicina. Investigaciones actuales se enfocan en la búsqueda de nuevas fuentes de este tipo de compuestos. Varios estudios se han propuesto recuperar, caracterizar e identificar compuestos fenólicos a partir de residuos agroindustriales buscando en ellos diversas actividades biológicas. La presente investigación se desarrolló con el objetivo de describir el uso potencial de residuos agroindustriales como una fuente de compuestos fenólicos con actividad biológica y su uso en la Medicina. Los residuos agroindustriales poseen un elevado potencial como novedosa fuente de compuestos fenólicos con actividad biológica, empleables en la farmacéutica, industria alimentaria y cosmética. Entre sus aplicaciones se encuentran las de antioxidante, antiinflamatorio, antimicrobiano y la actividad antiproliferativa. Varios de los residuos agroindustriales provienen de productos cultivables en Ecuador, de ahí que constituya una oportunidad a explotar en la industria nacional. Los estudios en Ecuador sobre el aprovechamiento de residuos agroindustriales se enfocan en la obtención de biocombustibles, bioplásticos y productos de alimentación animal, por lo que la búsqueda de compuestos bioactivos a partir de nuevas fuentes aún es un campo incipiente.

Phenolic compounds have bioactive properties of interest in Medicine. Current research focuses on the search for new sources of this type of compounds. Several studies have proposed recovering, characterizing and identifying phenolic compounds from agroindustrial waste, searching for various biological activities in them. The present research was developed with the objective of describing the potential use of agroindustrial waste as a source of phenolic compounds with biological activity and their use in Medicine. Agroindustrial waste has a high potential as a novel source of phenolic compounds with biological activity, which can be used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Among its applications are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity. Several of the agroindustrial waste come from cultivable products in Ecuador, hence it constitutes an opportunity to be exploited in the national industry. Studies in Ecuador on the use of agroindustrial waste focus on obtaining biofuels, bioplastics and animal feed products, so the search for bioactive compounds from new sources is still an incipient field.

Isolation and screening of chromium resistant bacteria from industrial waste for bioremediation purposes / Isolamento e triagem de bactérias resistentes ao cromo de resíduos industriais para fins de biorremediação

Chromium (VI) a highly toxic metal, a major constituent of industrial waste. It is continuously release in soil and water, causes environmental and health related issues, which is increasing public concern in developing countries like Pakistan. The basic aim of this study was isolation and screening of chromium resistant bacteria from industrial waste collected from Korangi and Lyari, Karachi (24˚52ʹ46.0ʺN 66˚59ʹ25.7ʺE and 24˚48ʹ37.5ʺN 67˚06ʹ52.6ʺE). Among total of 53 isolated strains, seven bacterial strains were selected through selective enrichment and identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical characteristics. These strains were designated as S11, S13, S17, S18, S30, S35 and S48, resistance was determined against varying concentrations of chromium (100-1500 mg/l). Two bacterial strains S35 and S48 showed maximum resistance to chromium (1600 mg/l). Bacterial strains S35 and S48 were identified through 16S rRNA sequence and showed 99% similarity to Bacillus paranthracis and Bacillus paramycoides. Furthermore, growth condition including temperature and pH were optimized for both bacterial strains, showed maximum growth at temperature 30ºC and at optimum pH 7.5 and 6.5 respectively. It is concluded that indigenous bacterial strains isolated from metal contaminated industrial effluent use their innate ability to transform toxic heavy metals to less or nontoxic form and can offer an effective tool for monitoring heavy metal contamination in the environment.

O cromo (VI), metal altamente tóxico, é um dos principais constituintes dos resíduos industriais. É liberado no solo e na água, causa problemas ambientais e de saúde de crescente preocupação pública em países em desenvolvimento como o Paquistão. O objetivo básico deste estudo foi o isolamento e a triagem de bactérias resistentes ao cromo de resíduos industriais coletados em Korangi e Lyari, Karachi (24˚52’46,0”N 66˚59’25,7”E e 24˚48’37,5”N 67˚06’52,6”E). Do total de 53 cepas isoladas, sete cepas bacterianas foram selecionadas por enriquecimento seletivo e identificadas com base em características morfológicas e bioquímicas. Essas cepas foram designadas como S11, S13, S17, S18, S30, S35 e S48, apresentaram alta resistência aos metais contra concentrações variáveis (100-1500 mg / l) de cromo. Já as cepas S35 e S48 foram identificadas por meio da sequência 16S rRNA e apresentaram 99% de similaridade com Bacillus paranthracis e Bacillus paramycoides. Além disso, as condições de crescimento incluindo temperatura e pH foram otimizadas e ambas as cepas bacterianas apresentaram crescimento máximo na temperatura de 30ºC, enquanto seu pH ótimo foi observado em 7,5 e 6,5, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o potencial de resistência dessas bactérias resistentes ao cromo pode ser efetivamente utilizado na remoção de cromo de efluentes industriais contaminados. Técnicas de base biológica usando bactérias ajudarão a fornecer métodos mais baratos e ecológicos de remoção, recuperação e desintoxicação de cromo.

Isolation and screening of chromium resistant bacteria from industrial waste for bioremediation purposes

Abstract Chromium (VI) a highly toxic metal, a major constituent of industrial waste. It is continuously release in soil and water, causes environmental and health related issues, which is increasing public concern in developing countries like Pakistan. The basic aim of this study was isolation and screening of chromium resistant bacteria from industrial waste collected from Korangi and Lyari, Karachi (245246.0N 665925.7E and 244837.5N 670652.6E). Among total of 53 isolated strains, seven bacterial strains were selected through selective enrichment and identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical characteristics. These strains were designated as S11, S13, S17, S18, S30, S35 and S48, resistance was determined against varying concentrations of chromium (100-1500 mg/l). Two bacterial strains S35 and S48 showed maximum resistance to chromium (1600 mg/l). Bacterial strains S35 and S48 were identified through 16S rRNA sequence and showed 99% similarity to Bacillus paranthracis and Bacillus paramycoides. Furthermore, growth condition including temperature and pH were optimized for both bacterial strains, showed maximum growth at temperature 30ºC and at optimum pH 7.5 and 6.5 respectively. It is concluded that indigenous bacterial strains isolated from metal contaminated industrial effluent use their innate ability to transform toxic heavy metals to less or nontoxic form and can offer an effective tool for monitoring heavy metal contamination in the environment.

Resumo O cromo (VI), metal altamente tóxico, é um dos principais constituintes dos resíduos industriais. É liberado no solo e na água, causa problemas ambientais e de saúde de crescente preocupação pública em países em desenvolvimento como o Paquistão. O objetivo básico deste estudo foi o isolamento e a triagem de bactérias resistentes ao cromo de resíduos industriais coletados em Korangi e Lyari, Karachi (245246,0N 665925,7E e 244837,5N 670652,6E). Do total de 53 cepas isoladas, sete cepas bacterianas foram selecionadas por enriquecimento seletivo e identificadas com base em características morfológicas e bioquímicas. Essas cepas foram designadas como S11, S13, S17, S18, S30, S35 e S48, apresentaram alta resistência aos metais contra concentrações variáveis (100-1500 mg / l) de cromo. Já as cepas S35 e S48 foram identificadas por meio da sequência 16S rRNA e apresentaram 99% de similaridade com Bacillus paranthracis e Bacillus paramycoides. Além disso, as condições de crescimento incluindo temperatura e pH foram otimizadas e ambas as cepas bacterianas apresentaram crescimento máximo na temperatura de 30 ºC, enquanto seu pH ótimo foi observado em 7,5 e 6,5, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o potencial de resistência dessas bactérias resistentes ao cromo pode ser efetivamente utilizado na remoção de cromo de efluentes industriais contaminados. Técnicas de base biológica usando bactérias ajudarão a fornecer métodos mais baratos e ecológicos de remoção, recuperação e desintoxicação de cromo.

Isolation and screening of chromium resistant bacteria from industrial waste for bioremediation purposes / Isolamento e triagem de bactérias resistentes ao cromo de resíduos industriais para fins de biorremediação

Abstract Chromium (VI) a highly toxic metal, a major constituent of industrial waste. It is continuously release in soil and water, causes environmental and health related issues, which is increasing public concern in developing countries like Pakistan. The basic aim of this study was isolation and screening of chromium resistant bacteria from industrial waste collected from Korangi and Lyari, Karachi (24˚52ʹ46.0ʺN 66˚59ʹ25.7ʺE and 24˚48ʹ37.5ʺN 67˚06ʹ52.6ʺE). Among total of 53 isolated strains, seven bacterial strains were selected through selective enrichment and identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical characteristics. These strains were designated as S11, S13, S17, S18, S30, S35 and S48, resistance was determined against varying concentrations of chromium (100-1500 mg/l). Two bacterial strains S35 and S48 showed maximum resistance to chromium (1600 mg/l). Bacterial strains S35 and S48 were identified through 16S rRNA sequence and showed 99% similarity to Bacillus paranthracis and Bacillus paramycoides. Furthermore, growth condition including temperature and pH were optimized for both bacterial strains, showed maximum growth at temperature 30ºC and at optimum pH 7.5 and 6.5 respectively. It is concluded that indigenous bacterial strains isolated from metal contaminated industrial effluent use their innate ability to transform toxic heavy metals to less or nontoxic form and can offer an effective tool for monitoring heavy metal contamination in the environment.

Resumo O cromo (VI), metal altamente tóxico, é um dos principais constituintes dos resíduos industriais. É liberado no solo e na água, causa problemas ambientais e de saúde de crescente preocupação pública em países em desenvolvimento como o Paquistão. O objetivo básico deste estudo foi o isolamento e a triagem de bactérias resistentes ao cromo de resíduos industriais coletados em Korangi e Lyari, Karachi (24˚52'46,0"N 66˚59'25,7"E e 24˚48'37,5"N 67˚06'52,6"E). Do total de 53 cepas isoladas, sete cepas bacterianas foram selecionadas por enriquecimento seletivo e identificadas com base em características morfológicas e bioquímicas. Essas cepas foram designadas como S11, S13, S17, S18, S30, S35 e S48, apresentaram alta resistência aos metais contra concentrações variáveis (100-1500 mg / l) de cromo. Já as cepas S35 e S48 foram identificadas por meio da sequência 16S rRNA e apresentaram 99% de similaridade com Bacillus paranthracis e Bacillus paramycoides. Além disso, as condições de crescimento incluindo temperatura e pH foram otimizadas e ambas as cepas bacterianas apresentaram crescimento máximo na temperatura de 30 ºC, enquanto seu pH ótimo foi observado em 7,5 e 6,5, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o potencial de resistência dessas bactérias resistentes ao cromo pode ser efetivamente utilizado na remoção de cromo de efluentes industriais contaminados. Técnicas de base biológica usando bactérias ajudarão a fornecer métodos mais baratos e ecológicos de remoção, recuperação e desintoxicação de cromo.

Ecotoxicidade de nanocatalisadores de óxidos de ferro, produzidos a partir da drenagem ácida de mina, quando submetidos à ação de ozônio em meio aquoso / Ecotoxicity of iron oxide nanocatalysts, produced from acid mine drainage, when submitted to the action of ozone in aqueous medium

RESUMO Óxidos de ferro recuperados da drenagem ácida de minas representam uma matéria-prima potencial para a produção de baixo custo de nanogoetita ou nanohematita, com grau de pureza adequado para o seu uso como catalisador em processos de tratamento de efluentes líquidos com ozônio. Assim, a toxicidade das nanopartículas de ferro precisa ser determinada para prever seu impacto no meio ambiente, antes e depois de terem sido utilizadas nesses processos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a toxicidade de nanogoetita e nanohematita produzidas a partir da drenagem ácida de minas bem como comparar os resultados com hematita sintética de alta pureza. A nanogoetita foi obtida da drenagem ácida de minas e, após seu tratamento térmico a 450°C, produziu nanopartículas de hematita. Os materiais foram caracterizados por difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e determinação da área superficial específica e porosidade com base nas isotermas de adsorção/dessorção de N2. Foram realizados os ensaios de ecotoxicidade usando os protocolos padronizados para bioluminescência com Vibrio fischeri, letalidade da Artemia sp., germinação de sementes de Lactuca sativa L. (alface) e crescimento das raízes de Allium cepa L. (cebola). Os resultados de toxicidade indicaram estabilidade das nanopartículas, que não são alteradas significativamente pela ação do ozônio em meio aquoso. Para todas as amostras, os valores indicaram baixa ou nenhuma toxicidade nas condições dos experimentos, para os bioindicadores utilizados. Esses resultados fornecem indicação de que as nanopartículas de ferro recuperadas da indústria de resíduos podem ser usadas como catalisadores sem efeitos adversos ao meio ambiente.

ABSTRACT Iron oxides recovered from acid mine drainage represent a potential raw material for the low-cost production of nanogoethite or nanohematite, with a degree of purity suitable for its use as a catalyst in processes for treating liquid effluents with ozone. Thus, the toxicity of iron nanoparticles needs to be determined to predict their impact on the environment, before and after they have been used in these processes. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of nanogoethite and nanohematite produced from acid mine drainage as well as to compare the results with high-purity synthetic hematite. Nanogoethite was obtained from acid mine drainage and, after its heat treatment at 450°C, produced nanoparticles of hematite. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and determination of the specific surface area and porosity based on N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. Ecotoxicity tests were carried out using standardized protocols for bioluminescence with Vibrio fischeri, lethality of Artemia sp, germination of Lactuca sativa L (lettuce) seeds, and growth of Allium cepa L (onion) roots. The toxicity results indicated stability of the nanoparticles, which are not significantly altered by the action of ozone in aqueous medium. For all samples, the values indicated low or no toxicity under the conditions of the experiments. These results provide an indication that the iron nanoparticles recovered from the waste industry can be used as catalysts without adverse effects on the environment.

Análise econômico-financeira do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos orgânicos em uma agroindústria de processamento mínimo de hortaliças / Economic and financial analysis of the management of organic solid waste from a small-scale agro-processing industry

RESUMO As atividades agroindustriais geram grandes quantidades de resíduos sólidos orgânicos. Por essa razão, são responsáveis por estabelecer metas e estratégias de gerenciamento de seus resíduos, visando, sempre que possível, à reutilização, à reciclagem e ao tratamento. Realizou-se um estudo de caso em que foi avaliada a viabilidade econômico-financeira de diferentes cenários para o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos provenientes do processamento mínimo de hortaliças em uma agroindústria localizada na cidade de Teresópolis, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os cenários que avaliaram os custos com a disposição final dos resíduos sólidos orgânicos em aterros sanitários se apresentaram elevados. Já no cenário que considerou o tratamento dos resíduos sólidos orgânicos, por meio da técnica de compostagem, observou-se que este foi viável financeiramente e atrativo para investimento, pois apresentou uma rentabilidade na ordem de 19,28% a.a., rentabilidade esta superior às diferentes opções de aplicações financeiras disponíveis no mercado. Com o tratamento dos resíduos sólidos orgânicos e a comercialização do composto produzido, promove-se a geração de receita para a agroindústria e a destinação ambientalmente correta desses resíduos, pois o tratamento não só reduz os impactos ambientais e o volume de resíduos gerados, mas também permite a reinserção dos nutrientes no ciclo produtivo de novas culturas, gerando renda para a agroindústria. Para o tratamento dos resíduos faz-se necessário um investimento inicial de R$ 385.388,09, e estimou-se que o tempo necessário para a recuperação do capital financeiro foi de curto prazo, com quatro anos e dez meses.

ABSTRACT Agro-industrial activities generate large quantities of organic solid waste. For this reason, they are responsible for establishing goals and strategies for the management of their waste, aiming at reuse, recycling, and treatment whenever possible. This work presents a case study was carried out to evaluate the economic and financial viability of different scenarios for the management of agro-industry residues generated by the minimum processing of vegetables, located in Teresopolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The scenarios that evaluated the costs of disposal of organic solid waste in landfills were high. On the other hand, in the scenario that considered the treatment of organic solid wastes, through the composting technique, it was observed that it was financially feasible and attractive for investment, since it presented a profitability of 19.28% per year, which is higher than different options available in the market. With the treatment of organic solid waste and the commercialization of the compound produced, the generation of revenue for the agroindustry and the environmentally correct destination of this waste are promoted, since it not only reduces the environmental impacts and the volume of waste generated, but also allows the reinsertion of nutrients into the productive cycle of new crops, generating income for the agroindustry. For the treatment of waste, an initial investment of R$ 385,388.09 is necessary, where it was estimated that the time required to recover financial capital was in the short term, with four years and ten months.

Agro-industrial wastes as sources of bioactive compounds for food and fermentation industries / Resíduos agroindustriais como fontes de compostos bioativos para as indústrias de alimentos e de fermentação

ABSTRACT: Agro-industrial wastes are of great interest because they are important natural sources of bioactive compounds and can generate value-added byproducts. Recent studies have shown that byproducts generated by the food processing industry are rich in bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, organic acids, and carotenoids, among others. The growing interest in replacing synthetic antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds with natural ones has stimulated a search for these bioactive compounds from plant sources, especially from fruit-processing wastes. The study aims to project the agro-industrial wastes as potential natural sources of antioxidants and antimicrobials and the feasible technological applications in food and fermentation industries, especially the bioethanol industry.

RESUMO: Resíduos agroindustriais são de grande interesse por serem importantes fontes naturais de compostos bioativos e assim gerar subprodutos de valor agregado. Estudos recentes mostraram que o processamento de alimentos gera subprodutos ricos em compostos bioativos tais como compostos fenólicos, ácidos orgânicos e carotenóides, entre outros. O crescente interesse em substituir compostos antioxidantes e antimicrobianos sintéticos por naturais tem estimulado a procura por esses compostos bioativos a partir de fontes vegetais, especialmente de resíduos de processamento de frutas. O objetivo desta revisão é destacar os resíduos agroindustriais como potenciais fontes naturais de antioxidantes e antimicrobianos assim como as possíveis aplicações tecnológicas nas indústrias de alimentos e de fermentação, especialmente a indústria do bioetanol.

Biological Toxicity Effects of Soil Pollution Caused by Galvanized Wastewater Based on Vibrio Qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 / 法医学杂志

Objective To establish a rapid diagnosis method for the biological toxicity of soil, accurately and rapidly evaluate the toxicity of contaminated sites and identify the dominant pollutants. Methods Take the soil pollution of a galvanized factory as an example, while the metal concentration level was analyzed and detected, a rapid biological toxicity detection method based on the acute toxicity test of luminescent bacteria （Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67） was established, and the dominant pollutants were identified by stepwise multiple regression. Results The pollutants came from wastewater and metal plating fragments directly discharged from the manufacturing line of the factory. The concentration of those pollutants was correlated with the acute toxicity of Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. The dominant pollutants in the study were zinc （Zn）, aluminum （Al） and copper （Cu）. Conclusion The luminescent bacteria toxicity test method based on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 can conveniently and rapidly assess the degree of toxic damage of polluted soil and identify the dominant pollutants and can be applied to the acute toxicity evaluation of polluted soil.

Comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros Santa Inês alimentados com resíduo de cervejaria desidratado / Ingestive behavior of Santa Ines lambs fed rations containing dehydrated brewery residue

Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros Santa Inês alimentados com resíduo de cervejaria desidratado (RCD). Foram utilizados 35 cordeiros, machos, não castrados, com peso médio inicial de 16,00±1,69kg e, aproximadamente, 70 dias de idade. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e sete repetições, consistindo os tratamentos em: 0; 20; 40; 60 e 80% de inclusão de RCD na porção concentrada da ração. A inclusão de RCD na ração não influenciou o tempo de alimentação (TAL; h/dia) e a eficiência de alimentação (gFDN/h; P>0,05). O TAL obtido neste estudo apresentou valor médio de 4,90h/dia. Observou-se efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05) com a inclusão do RCD, para as eficiências de alimentação (gMS/h) e ruminação (gMS/h e gFDN/h). Contudo, efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) foi constatado para tempo de ruminação e mastigação total, bem como para o número de mastigações merícicas por dia para os animais alimentados com o subproduto. A inclusão de resíduo de cervejaria desidratado influencia o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros Santa Inês, diminuindo a eficiência de alimentação, quando relacionada ao consumo de matéria seca por hora, e aumentando o tempo de ruminação, podendo ser adicionado em até 20% na porção concentrada da ração.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of Santa Ines lambs fed dehydrated brewer's residue (DBR). Thirty-five male lambs were used, with an initial mean weight of 16.00±1.69kg and, approximately, 70 days of age. A completely randomized design was used, with five treatments and seven replicates, the treatments being: 0; 20; 40; 60 and 80% of inclusion of DBR in the concentrated portion of the ration. The inclusion of DBR in the ration did not influence feeding time (FT; h/day) and feeding efficiency (gNDF/h; P> 0.05). The FT obtained in this study had an average value of 4.90h/day. There was a decreasing linear effect (P< 0.05) for feed efficiency (gDM/h) and rumination efficiency (gDM/h and gNDF/h). However, linear increasing effect (P< 0.05) was observed for rumination and total chewing time, as well as for the number of chews per day for animals fed with the byproduct. The inclusion of dehydrated brewer's residue in the concentrate can influence the ingestive behavior of Santa Ines lambs, reducing feed efficiency, when related to the dry matter intake per hour, and increasing the total rumination time in Santa Ines lambs, it can be added up to 20% in the concentrated portion of the ration.(AU)

CARACTERIZACIÓN Y USO DE LOS RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS GENERADOS POR EMPRESAS DEL SECTOR METALMECÁNICO EN LA CIUDAD DE MANIZALES / CHARACTERIZATION AND USE OF SOLID WASTE PRODUCED BY COMPANIES OF THE METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY IN THE CITY OF MANIZALES

Este artículo presenta los resultados de la caracterización de los residuos sólidos en las empresas más importantes del sector metalmecánico de la ciudad de Manizales. Inicialmente, se estableció la conceptualización normativa y teórica que fundamenta los aspectos relacionados con los residuos industriales, luego se hizo énfasis en los residuos sólidos del sector metalmecánico. Se planteó, como parte de la metodología, un instrumento para la recolección de la información basado en el Catálogo Europeo de Residuos. El instrumento permitió el registro de la información de acuerdo a la estructura básica de una empresa metalmecánica y los posibles residuos que se pueden generar a lo largo de la secuencia del proceso productivo, además de su manejo y disposición. Se encontró que los residuos con mayor volumen de generación son los metálicos, cartón, papel y madera que, en conjunto, representan aproximadamente el 84% del total. El 67% de los residuos generados se están aprovechando directamente por las empresas, donde la donación corresponde al 12%. Finalmente, aunque se conoce la disposición de los residuos, no se sabe con exactitud el impacto, en términos del grado de aprovechamiento.

This paper presents the results of the characterization of solid waste in the most important companies in the metallurgical industry in the city of Manizales. Initially, the normative and theoretical conceptualization that substantiate the aspects related to industrial waste was established and then, emphasis was placed on solid waste in the metallurgical sector. An instrument for the collection of information based on the European Waste Catalog was proposed as part of the methodology. The instrument allowed the registration of the information according to the basic structure of a metallurgic industry and the possible waste that can be generated throughout the sequence of the production process, in addition to its management and disposal. It was found that the waste with the highest volume of generation are metal, cardboard, paper, and wood, which together represent approximately 84% of the total. The 67% of the waste generated is being used directly by the companies and the donation corresponds to 12%. Finally, although the disposal of the waste is known, the impact in terms of the degree of use is not known exactly.

Alanine mother liquor as a nitrogen source for docosahexaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium sp. B4D1

Alanine mother liquor, a type of industrial waste from alanine fermentation, was used as a nitrogen source to produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by Schizochytrium sp. B4D1. The results indicated that yeast extract could trigger the utilization of the alanine mother liquor. Additionally, the alanine can be quenched during the culture, which aids in DHA accumulation. The medium components were optimized via response surface methodology as follows: 99.98-g/L glucose, 0.05-g/L yeast extract and a 183.17 dilution factor of the alanine mother liquid (v/v, with an alanine content of 0.72 g/L) and 17.98% inoculum concentration (v/v). Finally, in a 50-mL shake-flask fermentation, the DHA yield was 2.29 g/L.

Oxidative stability of soybean oil added to coffee husk extract (Coffea arabica L.) under accelerated storage conditions

Abstract Several plants have been studied as potential sources of natural antioxidants for use in the food industry, especially polyphenols. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydroalcoholic extract from coffee husk on the oxidative stability of soybean oil when stored in an oven. Samples were maintained at a temperature of 60 °C and their oxidative stability was evaluated once every 5 days for a period of 20 days through the Rancimat equipament and analysis of peroxide value, conjugated dienes and tocopherols retention. The oxidation rate in terms of mass gain was evaluated once every 24 hours for a period of 24 days. Although the antioxidant TBHQ showed a better efficiency in the inhibition of oxidation, coffee husk extract showed a synergistic effect when used with the synthetic, delaying the appearance of degradation products. In addition, the freeze-dried extract showed the ability to reduce the mass-gain rate when used alone as well as when used in combination with the synthetic antioxidant butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA), noting a synergistic effect on oxidative stability between the extract and the BHA. Therefore, coffee husk extract could be considered a source of natural antioxidants for synthetic antioxidants substitution.

In vitro and cellular activities of the selected fruits residues for skin aging treatment

ABSTRACT Peel extracts of litchi and rambutan, and that of tamarind seed coat were investigated in relation to their utility in skin-aging treatments. Standardized extracts of tamarind were significantly (p < 0.05) more efficient at O2 •- scavenging (IC50 = 27.44 ± 0.09) than those of litchi and rambutan (IC50 = 29.57 ± 0.30 and 39.49 ± 0.52 μg/ml, respectively) and the quercetin standard (IC50 = 31.88 ± 0.15 μg/ml). Litchi extract proved significantly (p < 0.05) more effective for elastase and collagenase inhibition (88.29 ± 0.25% and 79.46 ± 0.92%, respectively) than tamarind (35.43 ± 0.68% and 57.69 ± 5.97%) or rambutan (31.08 ± 0.38% and 53.99 ± 6.18%). All extracts were safe to human skin fibroblasts and inhibit MMP-2, with litchi extract showing significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced inhibition over the standard, vitamin C (23.75 ± 2.74% and 10.42 ± 5.91% at 0.05 mg/ml, respectively). Extracts suppress melanin production in B16F10 melanoma cells through inhibition of tyrosinase and TRP-2, with litchi extract being the most potent, even more so than kojic acid (standard). These results highlight the potential for adding value to agro-industrial waste, as the basis for the sustainable production of innovative, safe, anti-aging cosmetic products.

Reuse of wastewater from pulp industry for the optimization of fungal xylanase production / Reutilização de efluentes da indústria de celulose para otimização da produção de xilanase fúngica

The production of enzymes using agro-industrial waste is a low cost alternative for the reuse of byproducts, with the subsequent impact decrease on the environment. Current analysis produced xylanase using fungus Aspergillus niger, with two types of wastewater generated during the pulp chemical bleaching phase as inducers. Xylanase was produced by submerged liquid fermentation and factorial design optimized parameters that influence production (concentration of wastewater and production period). Initial culture conditions (pH, temperature and agitation) were optimized independently. Alkaline wastewater was more effective than acidic wastewater for the induction of xylanase in optimized conditions: 50% of culture medium, 7-day production, 30°C, pH 6.0 and agitation at 160 rpm. Despite different results, acidic and alkaline wastewaters induced xylanase production by A. niger when employed in concentrations lower than or equal to 50% of culture medium and in the most optimal conditions described above. Alkaline wastewater is highlighted as the most efficient for such production.

A produção de enzimas, a partir de resíduos agroindustriais, é uma alternativa para reutilização destes subprodutos como substrato de baixo custo reduzindo seu impacto causado pelo descarte no meio ambiente. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi a produção de xilanase por Aspergillus niger, utilizando dois efluentes gerados nas fases de branqueamento químico de polpa de celulose como indutores. A produção de xilanase foi realizada por fermentação líquida submersa, e utilizou-se planejamento fatorial para otimização dos parâmetros influentes de produção (concentração de efluentes e período de produção) e as condições iniciais de cultivo (pH, temperatura e agitação) foram otimizadas de forma independente. O efluente alcalino se mostrou mais efetivo do que o efluente com característica ácida, na indução de xilanase em condições otimizadas: 50% em relação ao meio de cultura, sete dias de produção, 30°C, pH 6,0 e agitação de 160 rpm. Conclui-se que ambos os efluentes, ácido e alcalino, apesar de levarem a diferentes resultados, são capazes de induzir a produção de xilanase por A. niger quando empregues em concentrações menores ou iguais a 50% em relação ao meio de cultura e nas condições ótimas descritas acima, destacando-se o efluente alcalino como mais eficiente para produção de tal enzima.

Frações solúveis e insolúveis do hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha na alimentação do jundiá: consumo de ração e excreção de amônia / Soluble and insoluble fractions of the sardine waste protein hydrolysate in silver catfish feeding: feed intake and excretion of ammonia

O hidrolisado proteico de pescado é produzido por meio da hidrólise enzimática de resíduos da indústria de pescado, resultando em um ingrediente de excelente qualidade para ser utilizado na alimentação de peixes. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito das frações do hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha sobre o consumo de ração e excreção de amônia de juvenis de jundiá. Foram testadas as frações solúveis e insolúveis do hidrolisado de músculo de sardinha, avaliadas individualmente e combinadas entre si. Juvenis de jundiás (9,76±0,55g) foram divididos em 12 aquários de 20L, na densidade de quatro peixes por aquário, resultando em uma biomassa média de 1,90±0,17g/L. O hidrolisado proteico foi produzido com carcaças limpas de sardinhas mediante o uso da enzima protease bacteriana Protamex(r) (Novozymes A/S) e dele derivaram as frações solúveis e insolúveis. As dietas foram isoproteicas (39% PB) e isoenergéticas (4450kcal EB/kg), e as frações do hidrolisado foram incluídas de forma a fornecerem 50% da proteína das rações. A fração solúvel apresentou grau de hidrólise mais elevado (20,1%) em relação à fração insolúvel (9,97%). As duas dietas contendo a fração solúvel do hidrolisado foram as mais consumidas. Com cinco horas de avaliação, a dieta contendo a fração solúvel do hidrolisado aumentou a excreção de amônia em relação à dieta contendo a fração insolúvel. Após 25 horas, a fração solúvel também aumentou a excreção de amônia, mas, desta vez, em relação à dieta contendo a combinação das duas frações. Conclui-se que a inclusão da fração solúvel do hidrolisado de músculo de sardinha estimula o consumo de ração, todavia, quando a inclusão é elevada, pode haver aumento da excreção de amônia de juvenis de jundiá.(AU)

The fish protein hydrolysate is produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of seafood industry wastes, resulting in a high quality ingredient to be used in fish feed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the fractions of the sardine protein waste hydrolysate fractions on feed intake and ammonia excretion of silver catfish. The soluble and insoluble fractions of the sardine muscle hydrolysate, evaluated individually and in combination were tested. Juvenile silver catfish (9.76±0.55g) were divided into twelve 20L aquaria, in the density of four fish per tank, resulting in an average biomass of 1.90±0.17g/L. The protein hydrolysate was produced with fresh sardine carcasses using the enzyme Protamex(r) bacterial protease (Novozymes A/S) and soluble and insoluble fractions were derived. The diets were isonitrogenous (39% CP) and isocaloric (4450kcal EB/kg) and the hydrolysate fractions were included in order to provide 50% of the protein of the diet. The soluble fraction has higher degree of hydrolysis (20.1%) compared to the insoluble fraction (9.97%). The two diets containing the hydrolysate soluble fraction were the most consumed. With 5 hours of evaluation, the diet containing the hydrolysate soluble fraction increased the excretion of ammonia in relation to diet containing the insoluble fraction. After 25 hours, the soluble fraction also increases the excretion of ammonia but this time in relation to the diet containing a combination of two fractions. It was concluded that the inclusion of the sardine protein hydrolysate soluble fraction in the diet stimulates the silver catfish feed intake, but when inclusion is high it can increase ammonia excretion of juvenile silvercatfish.(AU)

Aplicação de princípios da ecologia industrial nas empresas moveleiras de Goiás / Application of industrial ecology principles in the furniture Goiás companies

RESUMO: As indústrias moveleiras utilizam como matérias-primas insumos que provêm de recursos naturais renováveis, como madeiras, fibras naturais, couros e, também, de materiais não renováveis, como os metais, vidros, polímeros e químicos. Todos estão diretamente relacionados à geração de resíduos pós-produção pelas indústrias, podendo causar contaminações do solo, dos mananciais hídricos ou gerando poluentes atmosféricos. As tecnologias de "fim-de-tubo" já não são suficientes para evoluir em direção à sustentabilidade, fazendo-se necessário atitudes proativas eficientes, como a integração do meio ambiente ao longo do processo de desenvolvimento dos produtos, uma função da Ecologia Industrial. Este trabalho busca traçar o panorama acerca da questão ambiental junto às indústrias moveleiras, sobretudo com o uso da matéria-prima na fase de produção e no descarte dos resíduos, analisando principalmente sua destinação. Utilizando como premissas os conceitos ambientais da Ecoeficiência, Ecodesign e de Sistema de Gestão Ambiental, foi realizada a revisão da literatura com o objetivo de conhecer as estratégias e as ferramentas relevantes para os processos industriais, subsidiando a realização de uma pesquisa quantitativa com o setor produtivo de móveis do Estado de Goiás. As análises desta pesquisa demonstraram que as práticas da Ecologia Industrial são pouco empregadas nas indústrias avaliadas. Não há cumprimento íntegro da legislação aplicável, evidenciando a carência de informações sobre a influência que sua atividade produtiva pode causar ao meio ambiente e sobre as ações que podem ser implementadas com o objetivo de integrar as indústrias e a natureza em prol da sustentabilidade.

ABSTRACT: The furniture industry employs as raw material inputs that come from renewable resources such as wood, natural fibers, leather and also non-renewable materials such as metals, glass, polymers and chemicals. All these inputs are directly related to a major post-production waste generation by the industries that may cause soil and water sources contamination and generate air pollutants. The technologies end-of-pipe are no longer sufficient to evolve toward sustainability and an efficient proactive stance is needed like the environment integration throughout the product development process, one of the Industrial Ecology's role. This paper attempts to trace the panorama about the environmental issue in the furniture industry, especially about the use of raw materials and the waste disposal during production, and above all, analyzing its destination. Based on environmental concepts of Eco-Efficiency, Ecodesign and Environmental Management System, a literature review held in order to analyze the most relevant strategies and tools of industrial processes, supporting a quantitative research about the furniture production market of the State of Goiás. The evaluation of the research shows that the practice of Industrial Ecology are poorly employed inside the industries studied. Do not follow the applicable law strictly highlighting the lack of information about the influence that their activity can cause to the environment and about the actions that can be implemented aiming the integration of industries and nature on behalf of sustainability.

Elaboración de una biorresina intercambiadora de cationes a partir de cáscara de plátano o guineo para eliminar metales pesados en agua contaminada / Preparation of a cation exchanger bioresin start from banana peel or guineo to remove heavy metals in polluted water

Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo obtener una bio-resina intercambiadora de cationes utilizando cáscaras de guineo o plátano, la cual reduzca la concentración de metales pesados en agua contaminada. A esta bio-resina se le realizaron pruebas fisicoquímicas: densidad seca aparente, pH y solubilidad en agua y solventes orgánicos. Se evaluó su efectividad filtrando agua contaminada con metales pesados, tales como hierro, cromo y níquel (Fe3+, Cr6+ y Ni2+), variando las condiciones de tiempo de contacto, temperatura y el tipo de cáscara. La cuantificación de la concentración de los metales en el agua filtrada se llevó a cabo por espectrofotometría visible. Se llegó a la conclusión que la bio-resina obtenida es efectiva para disminuir la concentración de metales pesados en agua, teniendo especial afinidad química por el cromo hexavalente; metal pesado que logró remover arriba del 90%. Las condiciones óptimas de operación de la bio-resina son a 30°C y 90 minutos de tiempo de contacto con la muestra. Además, las pruebas fisicoquímicas, permitieron tipificarla preliminarmente como una resina de intercambio catiónico débil con un grado de entrecruzamiento bajo.

This research aimed to obtain a cation exchange bio-resin, using plantain or banana peels, that reduces the concentration of heavy metals in contaminated water. The bio-resin underwent physico-chemical tests like apparent dry density, pH, solubility in water and organic solvents. Its effectiveness was tested by filtering contaminated water with heavy metals such as iron, chromium and nickel (Fe3+, Cr6+ y Ni2+) and by varying contact time conditions, temperature and type of peel. The measure of concentration of metals in filtered water was taken through visible spectrophotometry. We concluded that the resulting bio-resin is effective in reducing the concentration of heavy metals in water, showing special chemical affinity with hexavalent chromium, a heavy metal that was able to remove above 90%. The bio-resin optimum working conditions are 30°C and 90 minutes of contact with the sample. Also, the physico-chemical tests allowed to preliminary typify it as a weak cation exchange resin with a low degree of crosslinking.

Biodegradation of deproteinized potato wastewater and glycerol during cultivation of Rhodotorula glutinis yeast

Background Deproteinized potato wastewater and glycerol are two by-products which are difficult to dispose. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of Rhodotorula glutinis to use glycerol and nitrogen compounds present in deproteinized potato wastewater and to evaluate the ability of simultaneous biodegradation of potato wastewater and glycerol via microbiological methods. Results It has been found that R. glutinis used glycerol and potato wastewater as a source of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. The highest degree of glycerol content (70.6%) reduction was found after cultivation of the investigated strain using a medium with 5% glycerol. In this medium, a significant reduction in the total protein content, estimated at 61%, was observed. The process of 72 h cultivation of yeast in a medium containing potato wastewater and 5% glycerol reduced the chemical oxygen demand (COD) more than 77%. Supplementation of media with high doses of glycerol (i.e. 20 and 25%) led to decreased metabolic activity in the yeast strain tested. Conclusion It has been found that there is a possibility of simultaneous biodegradation of potato wastewater and glycerol during the cultivation of R. glutinis.

Biodegradation of 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl, a congener of polychlorinated biphenyl, by Pseudomonas isolates GSa and GSb.

Biodegradation of 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl (2,4 CB), by two isolates of Pseudomonas (GSa and GSb) was compared using GC-MS. Transformer oil polluted soil was used for the isolation of 2,4 CB degrading bacteria. GC-MS analysis of the solvent extracts obtained from Pseudomonas sp. GSa spent culture indicated the presence of Phenol 2,6-bis (1,1-dimethyl)-4-methyl (C15H24O). Further, the enzyme analysis of the cell free extracts showed the presence of 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl dehalogenase (CBD), 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl-NADPH-oxido-reductase (2,4 CBOR) and 2,3-dihydro-xybiphenyl-NADPH-oxido-reductase (2,3 DHOR) with specific activity of 6.00, 0.4 and 0.22 μmol/min/mg of protein, suggesting that dechlorination as an important step during 2,4 CB catabolism. Further, the cell free extract of GSb showed only 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl-NADPH-oxido-reductase (2,4 CBOR) and 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl-NADPH-oxido-reductase (2,3 DHOR), with specific activity of 0.3 and 0.213 μmol/min/mg of protein, suggesting attack on non-chlorinated aromatic ring of 2,4 CB, releasing chlorinated intermediates which are toxic to the environment. Although, both the isolated bacteria (GSa and GSb) belong to Pseudomonas spp., they exhibited different metabolic potential.

Characterization and evaluation of coconut aroma produced by Trichoderma viride EMCC-107 in solid state fermentation on sugarcane bagasse

Background Sugarcane bagasse was shown to be an adequate substrate for the growth and aroma production by Trichoderma species. In the present work the ability of Trichoderma viride EMCC-107 to produce high yield of coconut aroma in solid state fermentation (SSF) by using sugarcane bagasse as solid substrate was evaluated. The produced aroma was characterized. Results Total carbohydrates comprised the highest content (43.9% w/w) compared with the other constituents in sugarcane bagasse. The sensory and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis revealed that the highest odor intensity and maximum yield of volatiles were perceived at the 5th d of induction period. The unsaturated lactone, 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP), was the major identified volatile compound. Saturated lactones, δ-octalactone, γ-nonalactone, γ-undecalactone, γ-dodecalactone and δ-dodecalactone, were also identified in the coconut aroma produced during the induction period (12 d). A quite correlation was found between the composition and odor profile of the produced aroma. The effect of varying the concentration of sugarcane bagasse on 6-PP production and biomass growth was evaluated. The results revealed high 6-PP production at 4.5 g sugarcane bagasse whereas the biomass showed significant (P < 0.05) increase by increasing the concentration of sugarcane bagasse. Conclusion The concentration of 6-PP, the most contribution of coconut aroma, produced in present study (3.62 mg/g DM) was higher than that reported in previous studies conducted under the same fermentation conditions. The significant increase in biomass with increasing the concentration of sugarcane bagasse may be attributed to the increase in sugar content that acts as carbon and energy source.